Soil-derived Bacillus pumilus strains demonstrate antagonistic activity against Magnaporthe oryzae and multiple plant growth-promoting traits

Biological control strategies are increasingly being explored as sustainable alternatives for managing rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae. In this study, we characterized three Bacillus pumilus isolates (DC01, DC09, and DC13) and evaluated their antifungal and plant-beneficial properties against M. oryzae. Whole genome sequencing revealed multiple biosynthetic gene clusters associated with the production of antimicrobial metabolites. All three isolates inhibited fungal growth in dual-culture assays, whereas heat-stable diffusible antifungal activity was primarily associated with the cell-free supernatants of DC09 and DC13. Exposure to bacterial supernatants disrupted fungal development, inducing abnormal hyphal morphology characterized by bulbous swelling, altered polarity, and increased branching in M. oryzae. Volatile organic compound assays further revealed that the DC isolates suppress fungal growth in the absence of physical contact. The isolates additionally inhibited the growth of other phytopathogenic fungi and selected human bacterial pathogens. All strains exhibited plant growth-promoting traits, including indole-3-acetic acid production and osmotic stress tolerance, whereas DC09 also displayed phosphate-solubilizing activity. Importantly, root inoculation with the DC isolates significantly reduced rice blast disease severity and induced expression of defense-associated genes involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling and immune priming. Collectively, these findings identify the DC isolates, particularly DC09 and DC13, as promising multi-mechanistic biological control agents for sustainable rice blast management.