Extinction risk in terrestrial vertebrates is associated with niche limits that reflect climatic vulnerability

Anthropogenic climate and land-use change are driving an emerging extinction crisis that is expected to intensify in the future. Species climatic niche limits shape their sensitivity to these pressures, potentially leading to disproportionate extinction risk among more climatically vulnerable species. We test whether realized climatic niche limits are associated with current and projected extinction risk across >23,000 terrestrial vertebrate species. We assessed the phylogenetic structure of thermal and aridity niche limits and related them to IUCN threat status and simulated future extinctions. We show that realized niche limits are phylogenetically conserved, indicating evolutionary clustering of climatic tolerances. Species with colder upper thermal limits were more likely to be classified as threatened across taxa. Aridity niche limits show weaker and less consistent relationships with current threat status. Simulated extinction scenarios reveal taxon-specific patterns of climatic niche loss compared to random species extinctions. We also show significant reductions in phylogenetic diversity relative to randomized expectations based on simulated species extinctions. We find that extinction risk is systematically associated with species climatic niche limits, reflecting evolutionary constraints on environmental tolerance. These results indicate that future extinctions will disproportionately affect climatically vulnerable lineages, with cascading consequences for phylogenetic diversity and ecosystem functioning.