Generative Modeling of Mouse Embryogenesis for Fate and Disease Prediction

Embryonic development is orchestrated by complex gene regulatory networks, and learning regulatory dynamics from developmental data could allow us to understand, predict, and ultimately engineer cell fates. Here we introduce Navigo (https://github.com/aristoteleo/Navigo-release), a biologically grounded generative modeling framework that learns a developmental vector field by integrating flow matching at the population level with RNA kinetics modeling at the molecular level. Navigo accurately maps developmental trajectories across lineages on a mouse embryogenesis scRNA-seq atlas spanning 43 time points and comprising 12.4 million cells. Applied to cardiac development, Navigo enables disease modeling by mechanistically resolving regulatory networks that distinguish congenital heart disease subtypes. Navigo also predicts perturbation effects in a zero-shot manner, as validated on independent in vivo data from six knockout genotypes without perturbation-specific training, uncovering lineage-specific gene-compensation mechanisms. Moreover, Navigo guides rational cell-fate engineering, exemplified by fibroblast reprogramming analyses, including identifying pro-fibrotic barriers to cardiac fates and evaluating hundreds of pairwise transcription factor combinations for neuronal fate, each consisting of one bHLH factor and one POU factor. Overall, Navigo provides a generalizable AI platform for perturbation-effect prediction, disease modeling, and rational cell-fate engineering, advancing toward AI-based virtual embryos for developmental biology and regenerative medicine.