Terminal Schwann Cells Regulate Presynaptic Vesicle Homeostasis but Not Neuromuscular Junction Integrity in Mice

Terminal Schwann cells (tSCs) are specialized glial cells persistently residing at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), where they are widely postulated to participate in synaptic transmission and maintenance. However, elucidating their precise in vivo roles has been hindered by a lack of tSC-specific genetic models, as conventional tools simultaneously targeted axonal Schwann cells. Here, we identify Col20a1 as a highly specific marker for tSCs through single-cell transcriptomic analysis and establish a novel Col20a1-CreERT2 knock-in mouse model. Utilizing this model, we achieved highly specific systemic labeling and ablation of tSCs during the postnatal maturation window. Surprisingly, systemic tSC loss disrupted neither gross NMJ architecture nor overall motor behavior. Instead, electrophysiological and ultrastructural analyses revealed profound pre-synaptic defects, characterized by increased spontaneous miniature endplate potentials (mEPPs), accelerated synaptic depression during high-frequency stimulation, and significant physical depletion of pre-synaptic vesicles. Furthermore, long-term analysis revealed a robust glial repopulation that sustained prolonged neuromuscular integrity. Together, our findings establish Col20a1 as a definitive genetic handle for tSC research, delineating that while tSCs are dispensable for macroscopic synaptic structure, they serve a precise and critical role in regulating pre-synaptic vesicle homeostasis.