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Longitudinal multi-omics characterization of the malignant evolution in multirelapsing glioblastoma

Lackman, M. H.; Wardell, C.; Darrigues, E.; De Loose, A.; Lyle, G. A.; Xue, Y.; Learned, K.; Cheney, A.; Vaske, O. M.; Karaman, S.; Le Joncour, V. J.; Rodriguez, A.

2026-06-22 oncology
10.64898/2026.06.11.26355035 medRxiv
Show abstract

Linking glioblastoma (GBM) evolution to clinical progression is challenged by multiple factors, including tumor location for repeated sample collection, and short patient survival. In a single individual, we collected and analysed samples from 11 operations distributed across 31 months of multi-relapsing and multifocal GBM, including terminal leptomeningeal progression. All samples shared genomic ancestry of the retinoblastoma protein 1 (RB1) and neurofibromin 1 (NF1) mutations while advanced progression and extracranial metastases featured mutations of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), PBRM1, CD22 and Fanconi anemia supplementation group I (FANCI), correlated with clinical resistance to immunotherapies and DNA-damaging agents. Single-cell analytics revealed distinct yet reversible shifts in response to the precision medicine arsenal. GBM parenchymal dissemination and extracranial progression were associated with strengthening of neuron-like cell phenotypes. Our multidimensional study describes GBM evolution over a rarely reported time scale, and provides a valuable resource linking genetic, molecular, cellular and clinical progressions.

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