GABAergic projection from the subiculum to the medial entorhinal cortex in mice and rats

The subiculum (SUB) is a major hippocampal output hub that routes information to cortical and subcortical targets, and its long-range projections are considered excitatory. Using enhancer-driven adeno-associated viral vectors to selectively label {gamma}-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-releasing neurons across species, here we show that the dorsal SUB also sends an inhibitory projection to the dorsal part of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) in mice and rats. Anterograde tracing in mice revealed that the dorsal SUB contains GABAergic neurons that project sparsely to all layers of the dorsal MEC with enrichment in superficial layers, in contrast to the glutamatergic SUB axons targeting MEC layer V. Slice electrophysiology demonstrated that these GABAergic axons form inhibitory synapses in the MEC. A subset of projecting neurons expressed parvalbumin (PV), whereas somatostatin-positive neurons were rare. Consistently, PV neuron-specific anterograde tracing recapitulated the SUB-to-MEC projection. In rats, subicular GABAergic axons were enriched in MEC layer II, and SynaptoTAG2-labeled presynaptic boutons were positive for the vesicular GABA transporter, supporting inhibitory synapse formation. Anterograde tracing of PV neurons similarly recapitulated the laminar axonal distribution in the MEC. These results identify a conserved PV-associated inhibitory SUB-to-MEC projection with species-specific laminar organization, extending the canonical excitatory view of subicular output.