Geometric confinement regulates ERK signaling dynamics and collective migration

Collective cell migration is a fundamental process in morphogenesis, tissue repair, cancer invasion, and frequently occurs under geometric confinement in vivo. However, how confinement interfaces with signaling pathways that coordinate collective motion remains poorly understood. Here, we confine migrating epithelial monolayers within adhesive microstripes of defined width and observe a progressive slow-down of collective migration with increasing spatial confinement. Combining biophysical modeling, live imaging of ERK activity, and pharmacological perturbations, we show that confinement increases tissue crowding while reducing cell and nuclear projected areas, thereby shifting epithelial tissues toward a mechanically compressed state associated with dampened ERK waves. Across conditions, migration speed scales with ERK signaling dynamics, which correlates with EGFR signaling as well as cell and nuclear projected areas, together serving as quantitative proxies for the confinement-imposed mechanical state. Pharmacological inhibition of ROCK restores cell spreading, ERK signaling, and migration under strong confinement, demonstrating that this state is reversible and governed by actomyosin contractility. Together, our results identify geometric confinement as a physical regulator of a contractility-dependent mechanochemical state that controls ERK signaling and collective migration in epithelial tissues.