Multi-modal comparison of primary and stem cell-derived β-cells nominates targets for maturation

Stem-cell-derived {beta}-like-cells (SC{beta}-cells) provide a promising platform for diabetes modelling and cell replacement therapy, but their incomplete functional maturation remains a challenge. Here, we compared immature SC{beta}-cells to human primary {beta}-cells utilizing a multi-omic, single-cell framework integrating patch-clamp electrophysiology with scRNA sequencing (patch-seq), regulatory network inference, and functional phenotyping. Despite low insulin secretion and reduced insulin content, SC{beta}-cells displayed larger Na+ and Ca2+ currents and depolarization-induced exocytosis. Ultrastructural and metabolic profiling revealed immature insulin granules, altered mitochondrial morphology, elevated basal respiration and proton leak, and diminished spare respiratory capacity and glucose-responsive metabolism. Patch-seq linked exocytotic activity in SC{beta}-cells to oxidative phosphorylation and MYC target programs, consistent with incomplete terminal differentiation, whereas SC{beta}-cells expressing higher levels of mature identity markers showed reduced ion channel hyperactivity. Multi-omics profiling showed that electrophysiological features in SC{beta}-cells were embedded in transcriptional programs distinct from those of primary {beta}-cells and other endocrine cells. Network control theory nominated SREBP1, an endoplasmic reticulum tethered transcription factor regulating cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, as a promising candidate involved in this immature state. Inhibition of cholesterol trafficking increased SREBF1 expression and shifted metabolic and transcriptional features towards a more mature {beta}-like state. These data identify potential targets and pathways that can be leveraged to improve SC{beta}-cell maturation and validate cholesterol and lipid homeostasis through the SREBP1 axis as one such candidate.