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Resonance-driven enhancement of sleep spindles using thalamic temporal interference stimulation

Navas Zuloaga, M. G.; Raufeisen, T.; Okyere, P.; Neufeld, E.; Kuster, N.; Dijk, D.-J.; Violante, I. R.; Bazhenov, M.; Bartsch, U.

2026-06-02 neuroscience
10.64898/2026.05.29.728879 bioRxiv
Show abstract

Sleep spindles are hallmarks of non-rapid eye movement sleep and support memory consolidation yet remain difficult to modulate non-invasively. Combining computational modeling and human sleep recordings, we show that thalamus-targeted temporal interference stimulation (TIS) with a 5Hz envelope increases spindle density via subthreshold resonance in thalamocortical relay neurons. Our results demonstrate a mechanistic framework for the rational design of interventions to selectively augment sleep spindles.

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