Cultural affiliation accounts for most of the spatiotemporal variation in burial rite practices

Describing and interpreting spatiotemporal patterns in human culture has been a central focus of anthropology and archaeology for over a century. Recent ethnographic studies have highlighted the complexity of the processes generating these patterns, including isolation-by-distance, homophily, and common descent. However, investigating these processes in prehistoric archaeology remains challenging. Here we make use of a new interdisciplinary database and a combined dataset of ancient DNA (aDNA) genomic sequences to analyse the relationship between spatiotemporal patterns in cultural and genomic variation, by testing whether broadly defined clusters of genomic affinities correspond to spatiotemporal changes in burial rites, while controlling for other factors, using a Gaussian process model. We use data from the Big Interdisciplinary Archaeological Database (BIAD), linking mortuary information from [~]4,200 individuals with genetic ancestry and mobility data inferred from over 1,300 human genomes, from Western Eurasia [~]10,000-2000 BP. By integrating and modelling these diverse datasets, we aim to provide a detailed understanding of how genomic history intersects with cultural evolution, offering new insights into the dynamics behind these complex processes, and the extent to which genes and culture are transmitted in parallel. In the case of burial orientation, we found that cultural affiliation was the main factor accounting for variation with little to no role for ancestry, while for body position the picture was more mixed but cultural affiliation also played an important role.