Long-term risk of cardiovascular disease after assisted reproductive technology and infertility

Background The use of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is increasing worldwide. These treatments involve ovarian stimulation to enable multiple follicle recruitment, hence inducing supraphysiological estrogen levels. While most long-term follow-up of women undergoing ART has concerned cancer incidence, the long-term safety regarding cardiovascular and metabolic diseases remains under-explored. This study was performed to assess the risk of acute myocardial infarction, cerebral ischemic conditions, intracranial hemorrhage, type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart failure, aortic aneurysm or dissection, and chronic kidney disease in women that conceived with ART, and to investigate the role of the underlying infertility and its risk factors. Methods and Findings Swedish national registers allowed us to follow a nationwide cohort of 380,756 women from their first birth between 1992 and 2002 until the end of 2023. The safety of ART was evaluated by comparing women with infertility who conceived with and without ART, while adjusting for baseline differences in age, body mass index, country of origin, socioeconomic factors, pre-existing comorbidity, smoking and year. The role of infertility was additionally explored by comparing all women with and without infertility adjusting for age, as well as the aforementioned baseline characteristics. Cumulative risks were plotted using inverse-probability weighted Kaplan-Meier curves. To facilitate the comparison of groups we also estimated risk differences and ratios at 10-, 20-, and 30-years of follow-up. Use of ART was not associated with cardiovascular disease except for an excess risk of cerebral ischemic conditions, with a 30 year risk ratio of 1.43 (1.09; 1.89). With the exception of cerebral ischemic conditions, intracranial hemorrhage, aortic dissection, and chronic kidney disease, women with a history of infertility exhibited consistently higher risk of all outcomes, adjustment for differences in baseline characteristics explained some but not all of these elevated risks. Conclusions With the exception of ischemic cerebral conditions, the findings provide reassurance regarding the long-term cardiometabolic safety of ART use, while adding to the growing literature suggesting that infertility can act as a marker of womens cardiovascular and metabolic disease.