Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals that host Glutamine Metabolism Inhibition Enhances Macrophage Phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Macrophages are crucial for host defense against the pathogen. However, pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) have evolved mechanisms to alter macrophage physiology and exploit these cells as their primary niche. Mtb-infected macrophages upregulate several metabolic pathways including glutamine metabolism. We previously showed that inhibiting glutamine metabolism with the pleiotropic glutamine metabolism antagonist prodrug JHU083 has dual antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects in a mouse model of tuberculosis. In the present study, using single-cell RNA sequencing and LS-MS/MS metabolomics, we showed that JHU083-mediated glutamine metabolism inhibition increased the population of interstitial macrophages in Mtb-infected lungs. JHU083 treatment also increased inflammatory signatures while lowering immunosuppressive markers on these macrophages. Metabolically, these macrophages exhibited marked depletion of complex lipids, accumulation of free fatty acids, and increased expression of transcripts associated with the {beta}-oxidation pathway. Additionally, JHU083-treatment also improved phagocytic activity of macrophages, as measured by using fluorescent E. coli as a bait. In conclusion, JHU083-mediated glutamine metabolism inhibition metabolically reprograms macrophages, increasing both their lipid utilization as well as phagocytic activity, potentially driving their antimycobacterial activity that we had observed earlier.