Beyond power: A large-scale characterization of intrinsic brain oscillatory activity

Most of what we currently know about brain oscillations is derived from Fourier-based spectral power methods. While widely adopted, these procedures introduce methodological limitations and inherently overlook informative neurophysiological features that often remain unreported. In this study, we characterized resting-state oscillatory activity from human magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings (N = 128) by integrating two complementary approaches. First, oscillatory episodes were detected at the source level with sBOSC. Subsequently, the ByCycle algorithm was applied to these episodes to extract individual cycle features. Results revealed that the brain engages in oscillatory activity for only [~]25% of the recording time, with occipital and parietal regions accounting for the highest temporal prevalence across canonical frequency bands. Furthermore, oscillatory episodes lasted an average of 4.6 cycles, reinforcing the view of neural oscillations as transient bursts. Region-specific duration and power measures revealed distinct anatomical organizations offering complementary physiological information. Finally, by extracting the instantaneous amplitude, period, and waveform asymmetry of individual cycles, we successfully dissociated sinusoidal occipital alpha waves from the asymmetric sensorimotor mu rhythm. By moving beyond traditional power-centric analyses, this approach provides a comprehensive characterization of spontaneous oscillatory activity, thereby offering new insights into the spatial, temporal, and spectral structure of human brain oscillations.