Huntington Disease Alters The Patterning Of Neocortical Area In Mice

BackgroundHuntington disease (HD) is a neurological disorder caused by an aberrant CAG expansion in the HTT gene, producing a mutant protein (mHTT). Although HD is classically characterized by adult-onset cortical and striatal degeneration, accumulating evidence suggests that altered cortical development may also contribute to disease pathogenesis. ObjectiveWe sought to investigate the impact of mHTT on neocortical patterning, which is a largely unexplored aspect of HD. MethodsUsing the HdhQ140 HD knock-in mouse model, we performed immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization to analyze the patterning of the cortex from embryonic day 10 to postnatal day 7. ResultsDuring embryogenesis, HTT expression exhibited a high medial-to-low lateral gradient in the neocortex, like that observed for key transcription factors involved in cortical patterning. Notably, HTT expression was absent from the cortical hem, a critical patterning center. In HD, the protein gradient remained unchanged whereas the expression in medial pallium seemed increased. During the early development of the cerebral hemispheres, the expression of morphogens and signaling pathways, including Shh, Fgf8, and Wnt/BMP genes, were disrupted in organizing centers, leading to altered expression of major neocortical transcription factors. At postnatal stages, the motor and somatosensory cortical areas were misplaced. These developmental alterations were associated with postnatal sensorimotor deficits relevant to HD. ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that HD-related neurodevelopmental alterations arise as early as embryonic day 10 in mice. This supports previous work suggesting that defects in brain development contribute to HD pathogenesis prior to clinical onset.