Talk2QSP: Deriving Executable Scenarios from Unstructured Literature via Human-in-the-Loop Agents

Quantitative Systems Pharmacology (QSP) models play an inherently interventional role in pharmaceutical research and development, functioning as executable causal systems for designing, evaluating, and replacing clinical trials. However, deploying QSP as an experimental planning engine remains constrained by the difficulty of translating unstructured literature descriptions of clinical or preclinical scenarios into reproducible, simulation-ready model interventions. Motivated by this issue, we propose an agent-based framework that operationalizes QSP models as intervention-ready experimental systems by automatically extracting and executing literature-derived scenarios. The framework combines semantic grounding of model entities with a large language model (LLM)-driven Scenario Extractor and a dual-agent Scenario Mapper. Rather than relying on opaque, single-shot reasoning, our pipeline converts free-text interventions into precise parameter configurations through discrete, verifiable work orders. Moreover, our dynamic Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) strategy empowers modelers to resolve biological ambiguities interactively. Across four diverse kinetic ordinary differential equation (ODE)/QSP models and seven Subject Matter Expert (SME)-curated literature scenarios, our model resolved all selected scenarios into correct executable parameter changes, including multi-dose interventions, unit conversions, no-op scenarios, and ambiguity-triggered HITL cases, demonstrating that structured collaboration between experts and agentic systems can resolve scenarios that standalone raw Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) reasoning LLM calls handle unreliably.