Personalized, EEG-controlled intermittent theta burst stimulation

Brain-state-controlled transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies with real-time electroencephalography (EEG) show that the phase of ongoing oscillations modulates cortical susceptibility to TMS pulses. Translating this principle to repetitive clinical protocols, such as intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), is an open challenge because within-train stimulation pulses corrupt real-time EEG. Moreover, the general difficulty of predicting EEG theta phase even to initiate an iTBS train applies. We present our solution for prefrontal EEG-phase-controlled iTBS, a personalized stimulation framework. We demonstrate the technical feasibility of aligning each trains initial bursts to the individual prefrontal theta phase and propose a "seed-and-sustain" hypothesis, whereby intra-train stimulation-induced entrainment at the individual theta rhythm carries the later bursts. Future human trials will be needed to evaluate the practical benefits of this approach. HighlightsO_LIIntermittent TBS synchronized to the prefrontal EEG theta rhythm is feasible C_LIO_LIPersonalized iTBS-EEG parameters are stable over the typical session time C_LIO_LIClinical evaluation of iTBS-EEG is a direction for future work C_LI