Back

Incorporating motor preparation time transforms micro-offline gains into micro-offline losses

Ahmed, N. I.; Suresh, T.; Hussain, S. J.; Freedberg, M.

2026-04-29 neuroscience
10.64898/2026.04.25.720821 bioRxiv
Show abstract

During explicit sequence learning (ESL), micro-offline gains (MOGS) occur during brief rest periods. MOGS are calculated as the difference in keypresses-per-second (KPS) between the first sequence of one trial and the last sequence of the preceding trial. To date, all studies evaluating MOGS have calculated KPS from the motor execution time (MET) that occurs between keypresses, but this approach ignores potential contributions from motor preparation which occur prior to the first keypress. Given that ESL relies on both pre-movement motor planning and subsequent motor execution, we hypothesized that ignoring motor preparation time (MPT) neglects a critical component of skill acquisition, potentially misrepresenting the true magnitude of MOGS. To test this, we calculated MOGS with and without MPT in thirty adults who performed an ESL task. Our results show that including MPT flipped MOGS from positive to negative and significantly increased the positive correlation between early learning and a gold-standard ESL metric: the number of correct sequences performed. Our results suggest that MPT should be incorporated into MOGS calculations and that excluding it overestimates micro-offline learning.

Matching journals

The top 5 journals account for 50% of the predicted probability mass.

1
Scientific Reports
3102 papers in training set
Top 3%
13.9%
2
Journal of Neurophysiology
263 papers in training set
Top 0.1%
13.9%
3
npj Science of Learning
17 papers in training set
Top 0.1%
11.9%
4
eneuro
389 papers in training set
Top 1%
6.1%
5
PLOS Computational Biology
1633 papers in training set
Top 7%
4.7%
50% of probability mass above
6
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2130 papers in training set
Top 19%
3.8%
7
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
119 papers in training set
Top 0.5%
3.5%
8
Cognition
44 papers in training set
Top 0.2%
2.5%
9
Frontiers in Neuroscience
223 papers in training set
Top 2%
2.5%
10
European Journal of Neuroscience
168 papers in training set
Top 0.2%
2.5%
11
PLOS ONE
4510 papers in training set
Top 49%
2.0%
12
Nature Communications
4913 papers in training set
Top 50%
1.8%
13
The Journal of Neuroscience
928 papers in training set
Top 5%
1.8%
14
Experimental Brain Research
46 papers in training set
Top 0.3%
1.8%
15
eLife
5422 papers in training set
Top 41%
1.7%
16
Communications Psychology
20 papers in training set
Top 0.1%
1.6%
17
NeuroImage
813 papers in training set
Top 5%
1.3%
18
Neuropsychologia
77 papers in training set
Top 0.8%
1.3%
19
Brain Sciences
52 papers in training set
Top 1%
1.2%
20
Neuroscience
88 papers in training set
Top 2%
1.2%
21
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
67 papers in training set
Top 2%
0.9%
22
Journal of Vision
92 papers in training set
Top 0.4%
0.9%
23
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
20 papers in training set
Top 0.1%
0.8%
24
Cortex
102 papers in training set
Top 0.5%
0.8%
25
Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
25 papers in training set
Top 0.3%
0.7%
26
The Cerebellum
15 papers in training set
Top 0.3%
0.7%
27
Psychological Review
19 papers in training set
Top 0.2%
0.7%
28
Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
35 papers in training set
Top 0.5%
0.6%
29
Communications Biology
886 papers in training set
Top 30%
0.6%