Egg-stage desiccation reduces developmental recovery and reveals strain-dependent Wolbachia-associated costs in the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata.

The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) (Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) is a major agricultural pest, and egg desiccation is a critical constraint during handling and mass-rearing, as even short periods without moisture may compromise developmental success and downstream adult performance. The Wolbachia-medfly symbiosis is a relatively recently established artificial association, generated less than three decades ago using Rhagoletis cerasi as the Wolbachia donor. In this study, we evaluated the effects of egg-stage desiccation on developmental success and subsequent adult performance in three medfly lines differing in Wolbachia status: the uninfected Benakeion line, the wCer2-infected 88.6 line, and the wCer4-infected S10.3 line. Eggs were exposed to desiccation for 0-24 h at 4-h intervals before transfer to larval diet, and hatching, pupation, and adult emergence were recorded. We additionally assessed adult survival under stress for flies emerging from the 0, 8, and 10 h egg-desiccation treatments. Under control conditions, Benakeion showed the highest hatching and developmental recovery, S10.3 the lowest, and 88.6 intermediate performance. Across all strains, short desiccation exposures were comparatively well tolerated, whereas prolonged exposure sharply reduced hatching, pupation, and adult emergence, with the clearest decline at 20-24 h. Strain-dependent differences were expressed mainly at the hatching stage, while later developmental transitions were more similar among strains once larvae had hatched. In the adult follow-up, strain, rather than moderate egg-stage desiccation, was the main determinant of short-term survival and survival under extreme stress, with S10.3 again showing the weakest performance. These results indicate that Wolbachia-associated fitness costs in medfly are strain dependent and that egg-stage desiccation primarily acts at the embryonic bottleneck. Beyond providing insight into the Wolbachia-medfly artificial symbiosis, our findings are directly relevant to egg-handling and strain-evaluation protocols in medfly mass-rearing systems.