Palaeorobotics Uncovers Devastating Mammalian Tail Strike Dynamics

Extant animals occupy only a fraction of evolutionary design space, leaving many extinct morphologies without living analogues for functional testing. We combined comparative anatomy of 32 glyptodont species with a life-sized palaeorobotic tail rig to determine strike severity in club-tailed giant from the Pleistocene megafauna Doedicurus. The robophysical model, informed by fossil geometry and inertia, matched simulated fossil-tail collision momentum (98-105%) and generated peak forces of 81.1 kN at 6.4 m{middle dot}s-{superscript 1}, with an impulse of 427 N{middle dot}s, far exceeding equine extremity fracture forces. Peak force scaled near-linearly with strike velocity, implying [~]183 kN at projected top speed of 15 m{middle dot}s-{superscript 1}. Measurements suggest Doedicurus delivered high-severity strikes, supporting antipredator defence as primary selective driver of extreme tail weaponization, and establish palaeorobotic validation of extinct animal biomechanics.