Mapping social profiles in childhood and adolescence: associations with cognition and brain structure

ObjectiveSocial difficulties are transdiagnostic in childhood, but their heterogeneity is poorly characterised and rarely treated as a primary neurodevelopmental phenotype. This matters because childhood and adolescence are sensitive periods for peer relationships and brain development. We used data-driven modelling and non-linear mapping to derive social profiles and test their clinical, cognitive, and neural correlates. MethodsParticipants were 992 children aged 5-18 years from CALM (Mage = 9.6). Social items from the SDQ, CCC-2, and Conners-3 were modelled using a regularised partial correlation network to derive core social dimensions. A self-organising map captured graded social profiles. Simulated archetypes, SVM-based island identification, and permutation testing defined profile regions and centroid-distance scores. Profiles were related to referral, diagnosis, cognition, BRIEF indices, and T1-derived MIND network structure in an MRI subsample (n = 431). ResultsWe identified four profiles: social engagement, friendship difficulties, social withdrawal, and peer victimisation. Profile expression tracked variation in referral and diagnostic pathways. Social withdrawal showed the clearest disadvantage across cognitive domains, whereas social engagement was associated with fewer executive function difficulties across BRIEF indices. MIND strength components covaried with profile expression (a significant PLS latent variable, p = 0.02), with covariance strongest for social withdrawal and peer victimisation. ConclusionsChildhood social functioning organises graded signatures that relate to clinically relevant pathways, cognitive and executive outcomes, and brain structure. Profiling social signatures provides a scalable framework for identifying social need beyond diagnostic categories, motivating studies to test directionality and improve developmental outcomes.