Global Convergence of Plant Functional Trait Composition in the Anthropocene

Since the onset of European colonial expansion, humans have accelerated species migration across continents, reshaping plant functional composition and associated ecosystem processes. Plant functional traits-such as leaf area, plant height, or rooting depth-are structured along major axes of variation, including size and leaf economics, that reflect ecological strategies. While human-mediated changes in this trait space have been documented regionally or for specific taxa, there exists no global, grid cell-level quantification of past shifts across major axes of trait variation. Here, we link global citizen science plant occurrence data with data on 37 above- and below-ground traits, and information on native and introduced status for each occurrence. Using dimension-reduction on grid cell-level trait means and introduced species status as a proxy for anthropogenic change, we identify three major axes of functional variation: the size, leaf economics, and life-span axes. By comparing past (native-only) and present-day trait distributions in 3D trait space and geographically, we find prominent region-specific shifts along all three axes. Overall, functional composition converges toward (mostly) smaller, more acquisitive, and shorter-lived assemblages, with region-specific differences in which axis shifts are most pronounced. These results provide the first global estimate of how human-mediated plant introductions have altered ecosystem functional composition in the past centuries, highlighting the spatial patterns and trait dimensions most affected by anthropogenic pressures.