Synchronization properties in C. elegans: Relating behavioral circuits to structural and functional neuronal connectivity

A central question in neuroscience is how neural processing generates or encodes behavior. Caenorhabditis elegans is well suited to addressing this question, given its compact nervous system and near-complete structural connectome. Despite this, findings from previous studies remain inconclusive. While some have shown that the connectome can robustly encode specific behaviors such as locomotion, others report that functional connectivity can be reconfigured across behaviors. We aim to understand the relationship between structural connectivity, functional connectivity and biological behavior in silico by using an experimentally motivated computational model leveraging the structural connectome. Stimulation of specific neurons in the model induces oscillatory neural responses, enabling us to infer neuronal functional connectivity. Functional connectivity is found to be stronger among some neurons, allowing us to identify functional communities. We find that electrical synapses play a critical role in determining functional communities, and the resulting mesoscale functional architecture is predominantly gap junctionally assortative. Furthermore, comparison with behavioral circuits shows that locomotion circuits are largely segregated into distinct functional communities while other circuits are more distributed across multiple functional communities. We also observe that stimulation of neurons belonging to these distributed circuits elicits a more synchronized neuronal response compared to stimulation of neurons within the more segregated circuits. This is consistent with the presence of behavioral patterns that originate in one circuit and terminate in another (e.g., chemosensation leading to locomotion), such that stimulation of one circuit can activate the other and eventually result in a synchronized response. We also find a large repertoire of chimera-like synchronization patterns upon stimulation of certain behavioral circuits (chemosensation, mechanosensation) indicating high dynamical flexibility. Overall, our results demonstrate that while certain behaviors are governed by functionally segregated circuits, others emerge from the synchronization of multiple functional communities, which are, to begin with, influenced by the underlying structural connectivity. Author summaryAnimals constantly transform sensory inputs into actions, but it is still unclear how this mapping from neural activity to behavior is implemented in a real nervous system. Caenorhabditis elegans offers a unique testbed for this question because its entire wiring diagram is nearly completely mapped. Yet, previous works have reached mixed conclusions about how well this anatomical circuit diagram predicts actual patterns of activity and behavior. Here, we use a biologically inspired computational model of the C. elegans nervous system to bridge this gap between structure, function, and behavior. By virtually stimulating individual neurons and observing the resulting network-wide oscillations, we infer how strongly different pairs and groups of neurons interact in functional terms. We then use network analysis tools to identify groups of neurons that tend to co-activate, and relate these functional communities to known behavioral circuits for locomotion and sensory processing. We find that gap junctions play a key role in shaping functional communities, and that locomotion-related neurons are more functionally segregated than neurons involved in other behaviors, which are more functionally distributed. Our results suggest that some behaviors rely on specialized, functionally isolated circuits, whereas others emerge from the coordinated activity of multiple functional communities.