Colitis-induced visceral pain recruits central neurotensin neurons that modulate colonic sensitivity

Inflammatory bowel disease produces debilitating visceral pain that remains a major clinical challenge. Notably, many patients experience persistent pain even after the inflammation resolves, indicating a sustained sensitization of central neural circuits that drives enduring pain. The brainstem parabrachial nucleus integrates interoceptive signals from the gastrointestinal tract to elicit both pain perception and affective responses. Using activity-dependent mapping and an RNAscope assay, we identified a neurotensin (NT)-expressing neuronal population in the lateral PBN (PBNL) that is selectively activated during dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. In vivo neural activity recordings demonstrate that PBNL NT neurons encode colon-derived nociceptive signals in an intensity-dependent manner. Silencing these neurons attenuates colonic reflexes evoked by luminal distension and normalizes aberrant gastrointestinal transit and nociceptive licking behavior in colitic mice. Pharmacological blockade of NT signaling alleviates colitis-associated hypersensitivity. These findings identify a central neural population that encodes visceral inflammation and regulates peripheral organ function, and pinpoints neurotensin as a promising therapeutic target to treat colitis-induced visceral pain.