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Outburst of serotype 4 IPD after COVID-19 is driven by ST15063/GPSC162 lineage associated with high-risk behaviors and greater virulence linked to influenza H3N2 virus coinfection and cigarette smoke

2026-03-04 infectious diseases Title + abstract only
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The emergence of vaccine covered serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a serious concern worldwide. We investigated the unexpected rise of serotype 4 causing IPD primarily in non-vaccinated young adults after the COVID-19 pandemic that further spread to adults [≥] 65 years in recent years. For this purpose, we conducted a retrospective study of serotype 4 IPD cases (n=827) reported in Spain between 2009 and 2024. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to assess clonal lineag...

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