A Capsid Tyrosine Residue Governs the Proteolytic Inactivation of Echovirus 11 in Lakewater
Meibom, J.; Torii, S.; Morales, L. D.; Zumstein, M.; Kohn, T.
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Enteroviruses are environmentally transmissible human pathogens whose stability in natural waters varies widely, yet the molecular determinants underlying this variability remain largely unknown. Echovirus 11 (E11), a re-emerging cause of severe neonatal infections, is efficiently transmitted via contaminated water, making its environmental stability a critical factor in infection risk. Here we identify a single viral capsid residue that governs E11 susceptibility to inactivation by extracellular microbial proteases in freshwater. By combining virus decay measurements in lakewater with proteolytic-cleavage profiling, viral capsid structural analyses, and reverse genetics, we show that the presence of VP2.Y97 renders E11 highly sensitive to microbially-mediated proteolytic decay. Strikingly, this residue is absent from multiple enteroviruses with greater environmental stability, indicating that substitution at a single capsid position is sufficient to shift virus fate in natural waters. These findings reveal that fine-scale capsid architecture controls virus-microbe interactions in aquatic environments and establish a molecular mechanism linking capsid variation to environmental transmission potential among enteroviruses.
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