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Genomic, antigenic and transmission dynamics of influenza A(H3N2) subclade K in Canada, early 2025/26 season

Long, G. S.; Braukmann, T.; Waglechner, N.; Aftanas, P.; Marchand-Austin, A.; Kus, J. V.; Clark, S. T.; Katz, K.; Hasso, M.; Maguire, F.; Patel, S. N.; Mubareka, S.; Duvvuri, V. R.

2026-02-12 infectious diseases
10.64898/2026.02.10.26345998 medRxiv
Show abstract

Influenza A(H3N2) subclade K virus was detected in Canada early in the 2025/26 influenza season, bearing an antigenic transition in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. Analysis of 396 HA sequences from Canada showed antigenic divergence from 2025/26 influenza vaccine strains, consistent with partial mismatch. Phylodynamic analysis revealed sustained pre-vaccine transmission without clear post-vaccine expansion. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses indicated interprovincial mixing within a highly connected metapopulation, highlighting the value of genomic surveillance for real-time epidemiologic inference and public health decision-making.

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