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Springtail-inspired compliant hinge enables terrain-adaptable takeoff in insect-scale robots

Harrison, J.; Kim, B.; Ko, H.; Smith, A.; Truong, T.; Koh, J.-s.; Bhamla, S.

2026-02-07 animal behavior and cognition
10.64898/2026.02.04.703923 bioRxiv
Show abstract

Springtails execute millisecond-scale escape jumps with a single appendage, the furca, on soil, snow, leaf litter, and water. Across 15 taxonomic families (n=552 individuals), relative furca length is bimodal. High-speed video and confocal imaging show that in some long-furca springtails, the resilin-rich manubrium-dens joint behaves as a compliant hinge. It bends during push-off to prolong contact, suppress pitch, and bias takeoff forward, whereas rigid joints drive backward launches with rapid body rotation. We translate this mechanism to a 20-mm, 84-mg jumping robot with an elastic robo-furca hinge. This flexible hinge reduces body rotation by [~] 90% on flat ground compared to rigid-hinge designs, while maintaining takeoff speed on gravel, springboards, leaves, and pine needles, enabling passive, terrain-adaptable launches for power-limited insect-scale robots without onboard sensing or active control.

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