Back

An elementary model of homeostasis and immunity that generates symbiosis

Eberl, G.

2026-01-22 immunology
10.64898/2026.01.15.695950 bioRxiv
Show abstract

The immune system was historically defined as a system that provides protection from pathogens. Numerous models have been developed to understand how immunity faces a complex world of microbes that includes pathogens and symbionts, as well as cells of our own self that may develop tumors. Based on the classical assumption that survival depends on internal homeostasis, we have developed a formal model of homeostasis for a host interacting with microbes and self. We propose that such a model must include two fundamental functions: a function that counters change (including tissue repair), and a function that counters the agent of change (such as "immunity" to microbes or self). We show that this elementary model is sufficient to generate symbiosis, and that symbiosis is an emergent property of the host-microbe relationship that does not require the microbe or the host to express "traits of symbiosis". We suggest that the conditions leading to symbiosis contribute to eukaryotic evolution and ontogeny. This model may be further applied to symbiotic interactions between organisms and non-microbial or non-cellular agents of change.

Matching journals

The top 7 journals account for 50% of the predicted probability mass.

1
PLOS ONE
4510 papers in training set
Top 14%
14.1%
2
Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
84 papers in training set
Top 0.1%
14.1%
3
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2130 papers in training set
Top 8%
8.2%
4
Science
429 papers in training set
Top 6%
4.8%
5
eLife
5422 papers in training set
Top 21%
4.1%
6
PLOS Computational Biology
1633 papers in training set
Top 9%
3.9%
7
Scientific Reports
3102 papers in training set
Top 39%
3.5%
50% of probability mass above
8
Cell Systems
167 papers in training set
Top 4%
3.5%
9
Physical Review E
95 papers in training set
Top 0.3%
3.5%
10
Frontiers in Immunology
586 papers in training set
Top 3%
2.8%
11
Mathematical Biosciences
42 papers in training set
Top 0.4%
2.7%
12
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
341 papers in training set
Top 3%
2.5%
13
iScience
1063 papers in training set
Top 12%
1.8%
14
Journal of Mathematical Biology
37 papers in training set
Top 0.2%
1.7%
15
Physical Biology
43 papers in training set
Top 1%
1.7%
16
Royal Society Open Science
193 papers in training set
Top 2%
1.6%
17
Chaos, Solitons & Fractals
32 papers in training set
Top 1%
1.5%
18
Nature Communications
4913 papers in training set
Top 54%
1.5%
19
Nature
575 papers in training set
Top 13%
1.1%
20
Journal of Virology
456 papers in training set
Top 3%
0.9%
21
Cell Reports
1338 papers in training set
Top 31%
0.9%
22
Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics
82 papers in training set
Top 0.9%
0.8%
23
Biosystems
18 papers in training set
Top 0.5%
0.7%
24
The European Physical Journal Plus
13 papers in training set
Top 0.9%
0.6%
25
Frontiers in Physiology
93 papers in training set
Top 7%
0.6%
26
Journal of Clinical Medicine
91 papers in training set
Top 8%
0.6%
27
PLOS Biology
408 papers in training set
Top 24%
0.6%
28
Emerging Infectious Diseases
103 papers in training set
Top 3%
0.6%
29
BMC Public Health
147 papers in training set
Top 6%
0.6%
30
Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science
16 papers in training set
Top 0.4%
0.6%