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PANDORA: Population Archive of Neuroimaging Data Organized for Rapid Analysis

Abivardi, A.; Webster, M.; McCarthy, P.; Alfaro-Magro, F.; Radosavljevic, L.; Miller, K. L.; Jbabdi, S.; Woolrich, M. W.; Gong, W.; Beckmann, C. F.; Elliott, L. T.; Nichols, T. E.; Smith, S. M.

2026-01-06 radiology and imaging
10.64898/2026.01.05.26343425 medRxiv
Show abstract

Population-scale neuroimaging allows for novel biological discovery, but voxelwise analyses are computationally paralyzing and noisy, whereas imaging-derived phenotypes discard crucial spatial detail. We introduce PANDORA (Population Archive of Neuroimaging Data Organized for Rapid Analysis), a data-adaptive modelling platform designed to resolve this trade-off. PANDORA has encoded brain MRI data comprising 98 sub-modalities from over 80,000 UK Biobank participants in a highly efficient supervoxel representation. By performing statistical regressions directly within this compressed embedding, PANDORA reduces storage by up to 99% and accelerates computation 10-fold, while acting as a spatial denoiser to enhance statistical power. PANDORA also includes the full-resolution voxelwise ground-truth data, curated imaging confound variables, and a fast analysis tool achieving whole brain, voxelwise population-level regression in seconds to minutes. We showcase PANDORAs ability to reproduce known patterns and reveal new associations including trauma, anxiety/depression, autism polygenic scores, and EPHA3.

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