TOE1 influences canonical Wnt signalling in myeloid leukaemia cells through LEF-1 modulation and regulates the proliferation of haematopoietic cells through PAK2.

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is an aggressive haematological malignancy characterised by the clonal proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Dysregulation of the Wnt/{beta}-catenin pathway has been implicated in the establishment and maintenance of leukaemic stem cells in AML, where higher expression of {beta}-catenin promotes clonogenic capacity, drug resistance and inferior survival. The finding that low levels of Wnt signalling are necessary to maintain normal haematopoiesis makes {beta}-catenin an attractive therapeutic target; however, drug design has been hampered by a poor understanding of its molecular interactions in leukaemia cells. To address this, we previously characterised the {beta}-catenin interactome in myeloid cells and identified a plethora of novel interacting proteins. One such interactor was Target of EGR1 (TOE1), a member of the Asp-Glu-Asp-Asp (DEDD) family of deadenylases with previously uncharacterised function in haematopoietic cells. The {beta}-catenin:TOE1 interaction was detected in the nuclear and cytosolic compartments of myeloid cell lines and primary AML samples, and {beta}-catenin depletion was found to promote the cytosolic accumulation of TOE1. Furthermore, TOE1 levels were found to be overexpressed in primary AML blasts versus normal cord-blood derived CD34+ haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), suggesting that TOE1 levels may be dysregulated in leukaemia. TOE1 depletion abrogated Wnt signalling capacity (TCF/LEF activity), potentially via reduced stability/translatability of the Wnt transcription factor lymphoid enhancing factor 1 (LEF-1). TOE1 depletion further suppressed the proliferation and survival of myeloid leukaemia cell lines (HEL and OCI-AML2) and primary human CD34+ HSPC; however, this could not be fully explained through LEF-1 alone, since OCI-AML2 do not express LEF-1. Using tandem mass tag (TMT)-labelling coupled to mass spectrometry analysis in TOE1 deficient HEL and OCI-AML2 cells, we identified and validated p21 (RAC1) activated kinase 2 (PAK2) as a downregulated target that could reduce the proliferation (but not survival) of AML cell lines. Interestingly, ectopic expression of PAK2 was able to partially rescue the proliferation defect in TOE1 depleted myeloid cell lines and primary human CD34+ HSPC. In summary, these data reveal TOE1 as novel interacting partner for {beta}-catenin in haematological cells capable of modulating Wnt signalling output via LEF-1, and as a novel mediator of growth and survival in human HSPC and AML cells partly through PAK2 regulation.