Diel foliar moisture content recovery time occurs soon after midnight in Eucalyptus species of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) habitats

Many herbivores are reliant on the foliar moisture content (FMC, the water mass as a percentage of the dry matter mass), of feed tree leaves, which may vary through the diel cycle. This includes koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus), who have heightened reliance on FMC during high temperatures. However, it is unknown how, and to what degree, FMC varies through the 24-hour period. In this experiment we measured live leaf FMC every three hours over the diel period by calibrating a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) model from leaf-surface reflectance, for tree species associated with koala habitat. Coinciding with reflectance measurements, trees in a glasshouse were exposed to normal and extreme climatic conditions including heatwaves and a drought, while collecting concurrent climate variables and soil moisture content. Our analysis of FMC timeseries of glasshouse trees found the diel range of leaf FMC was 23 % dry weight (DW, i.e. 19 % fresh weight) on average, between a minimum and maximum diel range of 10 %DW and 46 %DW, as predicted by an accurate spectral regression model (r2=0.96, RMSE=9.29 %DW). Overall, FMC minima occurred at 13:30 and FMC had recovered to initial levels (7:30) by 1:30 the following morning, though near-recovery levels were reached earlier by 19:30. This result shows that during a single day and night koala tree species may vary the proportion of leaf moisture by about one fifth, on average, and the timing of canopy moisture recovery may discourage foraging in the evening on temporarily dry species, during hot conditions.