Neural Taskonomy: Inferring the Similarity of Task-Derived Representations from Brain Activity

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained for object recognition have been widely used to account for visually-driven neural responses in both the human and primate brains. However, because of the generality and complexity of the task of object classification, it is often difficult to make precise inferences about neural information processing using CNN representations from object classification despite the fact that these representations are effective for predicting brain activity. To better understand underlying the nature of the visual features encoded in different brain regions of the human brain, we predicted brain responses to images using fine-grained representations drawn from 19 specific computer vision tasks. Individual encoding models for each task were constructed and then applied to BOLD5000--a large-scale dataset comprised of fMRI scans collected while observers viewed over 5000 naturalistic scene and object images. Because different encoding models predict activity in different brain regions, we were able to associate specific vision tasks with each region. For example, within scene-selective brain regions, features from 3D tasks such as 3D keypoints and 3D edges explain greater variance as compared to 2D tasks--a pattern that replicates across the whole brain. Using results across all 19 task representations, we constructed a \"task graph\" based on the spatial layout of well-predicted brain areas from each task. We then compared the brain-derived task structure with the task structure derived from transfer learning accuracy in order to assess the degree of shared information between the two task spaces. These computationally-driven results--arising out of state-of-the-art computer vision methods--begin to reveal the task-specific architecture of the human visual system.