Electrophysiological correlates of syntactic structures

Syntax is traditionally defined as a specifically human way to pair sound with meaning: words are assembled in a recursive way generating a potentially infinite set of sentences1,2. There can be different phrasal structures depending on the types of words involved, for example, \"noun phrases\" (NP), combining an article and a noun, vs. \"verb phrases\" (VP), combining a verb and a complement. Although it is known that the combination of an increasing number of words in sequences correlates with an increasing electrophysiological activity3,4, the specific electrophysiological correlates of the syntactic operation generating NPs vs. VPs remain unknown. A major confounding factor is the fact that syntactic information is inevitably intertwined with the acoustic information contained in words even during inner speech5. Here, we addressed this issue in a novel way by designing a paradigm to factor out acoustic information and isolate the syntactic component. In particular, we construed phrases that have exactly the same acoustic content but that are interpreted as NPs or VPs depending on their syntactic context (homophonous phrases). By performing stereo-electro-encephalographic (SEEG) recordings in epileptic patients6 we show that VPs are associated with a higher activity in the high gamma band (150-300Hz frequency), an index of cortical activity associated with linguistic processing, with respect to NPs in multiple cortical areas in both hemispheres, including language areas and their homologous in the non-dominant hemisphere. Our findings pave the way to a deeper understanding of the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying syntax and contribute to the ultimate far reaching goal of a complete neural decoding of linguistic structures from the brain2.