Oscillatory brain activity reflects semantic and phonological activation during sentence planning.

Verbal short-term memory includes resources for maintaining semantic and phonological information. These resources are complementary and often activated simultaneously, making their anatomical bases difficult to determine. We mapped the neural representation of semantic and phonological short-term memory by recording magnetoencephalography (MEG) data while participants rehearsed short formulaic 5-word sentences like "The mouse ate the cheese." During a memory delay period, participants exhibited bilateral temporofrontal event-related desynchronization (ERD, power decrease) in the alpha and beta bands (8-30 Hz). During the memory delay, participants also heard an auditory distractor word that could be unrelated to the sentence, semantically related to one of the words in the rehearsed sentence (e.g. "rat" or "butter"), or phonologically related to one of the words in the sentence (e.g. "mountain" or "cheap"). Relative to unrelated words, related words induced a greater degree of ERD immediately following their presentation. Effects of semantic distractors were exclusively in the temporal lobe, largely in the left middle temporal gyrus but also in bilateral medial temporal regions. Effects of phonological distractors were far more widespread in temporal, frontal, and parietal regions, and were largely left-lateralized. As no behavioural effects were observed in cued sentence repetition, it seems that auditory distractors produce short-lasting interference with a verbal memory trace that is ultimately resolved, but useful for mapping regions involved in maintaining distinct aspects of the sentence content.