Spectral tuning and signaling of diverse and most red sensitive visual rhodopsins that drive high colour discrimination in Mantis Shrimp eyes

Stomatopod crustaceans (mantis shrimps) possess extraordinary eyes with unmatched visual opsin diversity, but their potential for broad colour detection remains unclear. Here, we report that seventeen opsins, mostly from the midband eye region, are involved in colour sensing and signaling via Gq/Gi-coupling and describe the underlying mechanisms of spectral tuning. Two mid-wavelength opsins preferentially absorb blue light and a majority of long-wavelength opsins absorb in the green range, but three absorb light beyond 600 nm, representing exquisite far-red-sensitive animal opsins. Several blue and red opsins exhibit photoreversibility with opposite spectral shifts explained by retinal binding interactions, revealing unrecognised photochemical flexibility in stomatopod photoreception. Row-specific spectral sensitivity results from combining carotenoid filters with multiple individually-tuned rhodopsins, altogether extending broad vision to the far-red spectrum.