Complementarity of ecosystem types drives landscape-wide productivity in North America

Landscape mosaics with a greater diversity of ecosystems tend to be more productive, mirroring the well-established relationship between species diversity and productivity observed in plot-scale biodiversity experiments. However, the mechanisms driving this effect at the landscape scale remain unclear. Here, we analyze a 15-year time series of satellite-derived primary productivity across over 50,000 landscape plots that vary in ecosystem composition. Our results demonstrate that more diverse landscapes are more productive and more predictable under environmental stress, especially drought. Using statistical partitioning, we show that these diversity effects are primarily driven by complementarity, with productivity gains that are broadly shared among ecosystem types rather than being dominated by a few. The specific ecosystem types that contributed most to landscape functioning varied regionally, but their role in driving mixture productivity remained unaffected by drought. These findings extend biodiversity theory to the landscape scale, emphasizing the critical role of higher-order diversity in shaping ecosystem function and informing landscape management.