A single large restored patch has lower tree diversity than several smaller ones

1. Restoration initiatives often target restoring the largest possible amount of habitat to provide the greatest benefits for biodiversity. However, the optimal configuration (e.g., the size and number of restored patches) of habitat, given a fixed total area, remains an unresolved question. 2. Here, we ask whether restoring a single large habitat patch or a mixture of smaller patches of the same total area supports higher plant diversity. To address this question, we measured taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of all naturally recruiting woody species in 52 restored vegetation patches in Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Thirteen restored patches of each of four sizes (25, 100, 400, and 1,600 m{superscript 2}) were established within conventional oil palm plantations six years before vegetation sampling. From these 52 patches, we generated 750 random comparisons between a single large patch vs. several small patches, ensuring equal total area (100, 400, or 1,600 m{superscript 2}). We evaluated taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity separately for all species, for native species, and for native forest species, using three diversity measures: species richness, the exponential of Shannon entropy, and the inverse of Simpson concentration. 3. Our findings indicate that restoring several smaller patches results in greater taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of recruiting woody species than restoring a single large patch of the same total area. This result holds across the three total habitat areas (100, 400, and 1,600 m{superscript 2}), all species groupings, and all diversity metrics. As expected, species diversity also increased with total area in all cases. 4. Our findings challenge restoration strategies that focus exclusively on enlarging patches. Instead, biodiversity will be enhanced by increasing the total restored area across many patches of different sizes, including very small ones (e.g., 25 m{superscript 2}).