Phase-Dependent EEG Decoding of Continuous Visual Stimuli

Neural oscillations support cognition and perception by organizing information across oscillatory cycles, such that different phases correspond to distinct computational states. Although animal studies strongly support this view, evidence in humans is mixed and largely based on brief, flashed stimuli. Here, we tested whether alpha oscillations, the dominant human brain rhythm, rhythmically modulate visual encoding during sustained perception. EEG was recorded while participants viewed long-lasting (2s) Gabor patches. Using a phase-dependent decoding approach, we extracted EEG activity at specific alpha phases and quantified stimulus decoding accuracy. Decoding performance varied systematically with alpha phase, following a smooth unimodal profile that peaked over occipito-parietal electrodes. These effects emerged well after stimulus onset, indicating a sustained modulation of visual processing during continuous input. Our findings demonstrate that visual information is encoded more accurately at specific alpha phases. This provides direct evidence that sensory processing is gated by intrinsic brain activity and introduces a generalizable decoding framework for linking oscillatory phase to neural information processing.