A cortical signature of very preterm birth across development and its association with neurodevelopmental outcomes

Gestational age plays a crucial role in neurodevelopment, and individuals born very preterm (VPT; <32 weeks gestation) are at elevated risk for cognitive, behavioural and psychiatric problems across the lifespan. Better understanding of the impact of very preterm birth on cortical maturation trajectories could inform mechanistic insights into the origins of these sequelae. Here we compared cortical morphology between VPT individuals and full-term controls in three datasets spanning birth, childhood and adulthood. We identified a consistent cortical signature of VPT birth, characterized by reduced surface area and cortical folding in the frontal, temporal, parietal and insular regions, which persisted across development. Furthermore, in two large infant cohorts, we found that this cortical signature was significantly associated with neonatal clinical factors and with poorer motor outcomes at follow-up, suggesting its potential as a neuroimaging marker for long-term neurodevelopmental risk. Given that early motor development plays a key role in shaping infants interactions with the environment and supporting later cognitive and behavioural development, our findings provide insights into the neurobiological pathways linking VPT birth to subsequent neurodevelopmental difficulties.