Cigarette smoke aggravates atherosclerosis by promoting the infiltration of inflammasome-primed neutrophils and disrupting macrophage function in lesions

BackgroundCigarette smoking (CS) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) through chronic inflammation. While its pulmonary effects are well established, the mechanisms linking lung inflammation to vascular injury remain unclear. Because neutrophils are early responders to CS-induced inflammation, we hypothesized that they drive systemic myelopoiesis and vascular inflammation via alarmin release. MethodsWild-type (WT) mice were exposed to inhaled CS or orally administered cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Immune cell composition in lung, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), blood, spleen, and bone marrow (BM) was assessed by flow cytometry. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and S100A8/A9 release were quantified. Atherosclerosis progression was evaluated in Ldlr-/- mice fed a Western diet and treated with CSE. To define the role of neutrophil-derived S100A8/A9, bone marrow transplantation was performed using S100a9-/- or WT donors. ResultsCS exposure increased circulating monocytes and neutrophils through enhanced BM myelopoiesis and elevated ROS-dependent S100A8/A9 release. Oral CSE reproduced these effects, indicating direct activation of neutrophils independent of pulmonary inflammation or lipid changes. In Ldlr-/- mice, CSE accelerated atherosclerosis by promoting infiltration of inflammasome-primed neutrophils, increased IL-1{beta} release, and impaired macrophage efferocytosis. Hematopoietic S100a9 deletion normalized myelopoiesis and reduced vascular inflammation and plaque burden. ConclusionsIngested CS components directly activate neutrophils to release S100A8/A9, triggering myelopoiesis and vascular inflammation. These findings reveal that tobaccos cardiovascular toxicity extends beyond inhalation, implicating oral exposure as a driver of systemic inflammation and atherogenesis. Novelty and SignificanceO_ST_ABSWhat Is Known?C_ST_ABSO_LICigarette smoking (CS) is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, driving systemic inflammation and innate immune activation. C_LIO_LINeutrophils and monocytes contribute to plaque progression, but the upstream mechanisms by which CS exacerbates their pathogenic roles remain incompletely understood. C_LIO_LIS100A8/A9 levels correlate with neutrophilia and cardiovascular risk in smokers, but their functional role in lesion biology is not fully defined. C_LI What New Information Does This Article Contribute?O_LIIdentifies S100A8/A9 as a key mediator linking CS exposure to enhanced medullary myelopoiesis, neutrophilia, and increased lesional infiltration of inflammasome-primed myeloid cells. C_LIO_LIDemonstrates that neutrophil-derived IL-1{beta} impairs macrophage efferocytosis by downregulating phagocytosis receptors, thereby promoting plaque vulnerability. C_LIO_LIReveals that CS drives atherosclerosis even in the absence of lipid perturbations or overt pulmonary injury, highlighting a novel oral exposure-vascular axis of disease propagation. C_LI