Visuospatial attention exerts opposite modulatory effects on explicit and implicit audiovisual subjective synchrony via the frontoparietal network

Synchronization and integration constitute two essential subprocesses of audiovisual binding, commonly indexed by explicit subjective synchrony (ESS) and implicit subjective synchrony (ISS), respectively. Previous studies have shown that spontaneous fluctuations in visual attention are associated with ESS, and that ESS and ISS are negatively correlated, consistent with the temporal renormalization theory. However, it remains unknown whether controlled manipulations of visuospatial attention can causally modulate ESS and ISS in opposite directions via distinct neural mechanisms. To address this question, we conducted two complementary EEG experiments. In Experiment 1, ESS was assessed using a spatially cued beep-flash synchrony judgment task and the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS). In Experiment 2, ISS was measured using fusion and fission variants of the sound- induced flash illusion, with the peak illusion rate (PIR) as the behavioral index. This dual-paradigm design enabled direct comparison between explicit and implicit synchrony under matched attentional manipulations. Behaviorally, asymmetric allocation of visuospatial attention between auditory- and visual-leading conditions induced opposite shifts in PSS and PIR, specifically in the fusion variant. At the neural level, prestimulus frontal theta oscillations were associated with variations in PSS, whereas bilateral frontotemporal and left posterior beta oscillations were associated with variations in PIR. These results demonstrate that visuospatial attention exerts opposite modulatory effects on ESS and ISS through distinct oscillatory dynamics, providing causal evidence for the temporal renormalization theory and advancing understanding of how attentional control shapes multisensory temporal binding.