Foraging in conceptual spaces: hippocampal oscillatory dynamics underlying searching for concepts in memory

How does the brain access stored knowledge? It has been proposed that conceptual search engages neurocognitive processes similar to foraging in physical space. We tested this idea using intracranial EEG in patients performing a verbal fluency task, where they spontaneously explored their own knowledge of the world, sampling words from semantic memory. We found that hippocampal theta power increased during conceptual search and scaled with the semantic distance between successive words, paralleling dynamics observed in spatial navigation. Critically, people transitioned between conceptual clusters, resembling transitions between resource patches in foraging behavior. These shifts were marked by enhanced theta-gamma coupling, both within the hippocampus and between the hippocampus and lateral temporal cortex, a key hub of the semantic network. These findings support a mechanistic account of memory search grounded in navigation and foraging principles, suggesting that the hippocampus orchestrates local computations and long-range interactions to enable flexible retrieval of conceptual knowledge.