Human Trafficking Detection in Health Care Settings: A Scoping Review

ObjectivesThis scoping review aimed to identify available tools for detecting human trafficking survivors in healthcare settings and to explore implementation strategies. MethodsA systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, BIREME-LILACS, WHO-PAHO IRIS, and other institutional repositories on August 12, 2024, with an update on January 18, 2025. ResultsOut of 2,881 records screened, 140 resources were included, mostly from the U.S. (n = 113). We identified 26 screening tools, 44 toolkits and guidelines, 23 documents on educational strategies and 24 studies on other types of strategies targeting HT detection in healthcare. Tools often addressed sexual exploitation, especially in minors, with limited focus on other forms of trafficking. Only eight tools reported having undergone validation processes. Many resources emphasized trauma-informed care, indicator use, and referral protocols. Implementation strategies included training programs, integration of screening protocols into clinical workflows, and digital tools; however, system-level barriers and limited provider confidence persist. ConclusionDespite the availability of tools and guidelines, there is no consensus on definitions or standardized methods for HT identification. Most tools focus on sexual exploitation, particularly in minors, while other trafficking forms are under-addressed. Sustained training, validated tools, and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential. Systemic barriers must be addressed through clear protocols and institutional commitment to ensure effective, survivor- centered detection and care.