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Site-specific replacement of large-scale DNA fragments in human cells

Jung, H.; Jeong, B.; Kim, Y.-W.; Jung, C.; Uhm, H.; Kim, H.; Oh, Y. E.; Park, Y.; Lee, Y.; Bae, S.

2025-09-14 molecular biology
10.1101/2025.09.14.676134 bioRxiv
Show abstract

Despite advances in genome editing1-4, precisely replacing large-scale fragments in human cells remains a significant challenge. Here, we present a site-specific gene replacement tool, named Prime Assembly (PA), which adapts prime editors to produce one or two pairs of 3-flaps on both the genome and donor plasmids. These 3-flaps anneal to each other precisely, similar to "Gibson Assembly" in DNA oligonucleotides5, allowing megabase-scale genomic excision and/or kilobase-scale donor insertion at the gene of interest. The PA system achieves an efficiency of up to 57.8% in replacing endogenous sequences with a 2.9 kbp donor DNA fragment in HEK293T cells, and presents an accuracy of more than 99% for integrated PA fragments. Ultimately, the site-specific replacement of large-scale coding sequences (CDSs) in disease-related genes can restore gene function across numerous patients with different mutations, providing a gene implantation technique for genome editing and a universal therapeutic approach.

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