Hepatocyte FAM210A deficiency disrupts mitochondrial function and triggers juvenile steatosis with compensatory repair in adulthood

Mitochondrial dynamics are central to maintaining liver metabolic homeostasis, yet the mechanisms that safeguarding mitochondrial integrity during development and metabolic dysfunction remain poorly defined. Here, we identify Family with sequence similarity 210 member A (FAM210A) as a hepatocyte-enriched mitochondrial regulator essential for postnatal liver maturation. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of Fam210a (Fam210aHKO) in mice caused early growth restriction, reduced body and liver mass, and pronounced hepatic steatosis with glycogen depletion. These defects were accompanied by lower postprandial glucose levels in the fasted-refeeding state, impaired oxidative phosphorylation, reduced mtDNA content, and abnormal cristae architecture. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling revealed broad suppression of fatty acid, sterol, and bile acid metabolism, with concomitant glutathione stress responses. Mechanistically, FAM210A deficiency disrupted the YME1L-OPA1 axis, driving excessive OPA1 cleavage and cristae destabilization. Strikingly, these juvenile defects were transient and resolved by adulthood, underpinned by enhanced hepatocyte proliferation and mitochondrial biogenesis, consistent with a compensatory stress-adaptive response via the activation of ISR signaling. Together, these findings uncover FAM210A as a developmental safeguard of mitochondrial remodeling in hepatocytes and indicate compensatory programs with therapeutic relevance for chronic liver disease.