Collateral mutagenesis funnels multiple sources of DNA damage into a ubiquitous mutational signature

Mutations reflect the net effects of myriad types of damage, replication errors, and repair mechanisms, and thus are expected to differ across cell types with distinct exposures to mutagens, division rates, and cellular programs. Yet when mutations in humans are decomposed into a set of "signatures", one single base substitution signature, SBS5, is present across cell types and tissues, and predominates in post-mitotic neurons as well as male and female germlines [1- 3]. The etiology of SBS5 is unknown. By modeling the processes by which mutations arise, we infer that SBS5 is the footprint of errors in DNA synthesis triggered by distinct types of DNA damage. Supporting this hypothesis, we find that SBS5 rates increase with signatures of endogenous and exogenous DNA damage in cancerous and non-cancerous cells and co-vary with repair rates along the genome as expected from model predictions. These analyses indicate that SBS5 captures the output of a "funnel", through which multiple sources of damage result in a similar mutation spectrum. As we further show, SBS5 mutations arise not only from translesion synthesis but also from DNA repair, suggesting that the signature reflects the occasional, shared use of a polymerase.