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Spatiotemporal lineage mapping of tumor immune escape with eTRACER

Yang, J.; Hou, L.; Wang, X.; Zhang, N.; Bian, Y.; Lu, Z.; Chen, Y.; Xie, D.; Fang, Y.; Wang, K.; Wan, R.; Jin, Y.; Chen, Y.; Cai, X.; Lee, L. T. O.; Hu, Z.; Ji, H.

2025-08-09 cancer biology
10.1101/2025.08.06.668639 bioRxiv
Show abstract

Deciphering spatiotemporal cell lineage dynamics remains a fundamental yet unresolved challenge. Here we introduce eTRACER, a novel CRISPR-Cas9 lineage tracer that targets neutral 3UTR of high-expression endogenous genes, enabling efficient recovery of static and evolving barcodes from single-cell and spatial transcriptomics. By optimizing gradient editing efficacy and avoiding large disruptive deletions, eTRACER reconstructs high-fidelity and high-resolution single-cell phylogenies. Applied to EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) under CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity, eTRACER reveals directional state transitions from Hypoxic and Proliferative states to Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition state during immune evasion. Spatially-resolved lineage mapping unveils layered stratification of distinct tumor states and location-primed cell migration and state transitions. Lineage-coupled single-cell multiomic analysis uncovers cooperative mechanism between tumor cell-intrinsic AP-1 transcriptional program and spatially restricted macrophage-tumor cell interaction leading to immune evasion. Collectively, we develop a powerful spatiotemporal lineage tracer and uncover microenvironment-primed cellular evolution underlying immune evasion of EGFR-mutant LUAD, with important implication for efficient immunotherapy.

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