Colour and shape evolution reflect ecological specialisation in Pomacentridae

Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) display remarkable diversity in colouration and body form, yet the processes shaping this phenotypic variation remain poorly resolved. Our study aimed to characterise the evolution of these traits, evaluate their associations with ecological factors, and identify convergent patterns linked to ecological specialisation. Using image-based quantification of colour patterns, geometric morphometrics, and phylogenetic comparative methods across 343 species, we show that pomacentrid phenotypes are organised around a small number of dominant axes describing brightness, hue, contrast, body elongation, and cranial morphology. Both colour and morphology exhibit early bursts of evolutionary disparity, followed by recurrent lineage-specific radiations and widespread convergence toward similar adaptive optima across the phylogeny. Dietary ecotypes emerged as the strongest predictor of morphological diversification, whereas symbiotic and social regimes exerted the strongest effects on colour evolution. Despite these distinct ecological correlates, several colour and shape axes form partially integrated trait syndromes that evolve in concert. The pervasive convergence of colour-shape syndromes underscores deterministic components of reef-fish evolution and positions Pomacentridae as a model for understanding integrated phenotypic evolution.