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Genetic mechanisms of resistance to targeted KRAS inhibition

Diaz, B. J.; Kops, M.; Bernardo, S.; Schmidt, H.; Grankowsky, E.; Vega, A.; Zhang, C.; Bott, M.; Skamagki, M.; Tomlinson, A.; Vita, N. A.; Katti, A.; Labrecque, M. P.; Aronchik, I.; Singh, M.; Dow, L. E.

2025-08-04 cancer biology
10.1101/2025.08.04.668444 bioRxiv
Show abstract

KRAS mutations are among the most prevalent oncogenic drivers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), yet the mechanisms of therapeutic resistance to KRAS inhibitors in these cancers remains poorly understood. Here, we deploy high-throughput CRISPR base editing screens to systematically map resistance mutations to three mechanistically distinct KRAS-targeted therapies, including KRAS-G12C(OFF) inhibitor (adagrasib), RAS(ON) G12C-selective tri-complex inhibitor (RMC-4998), and RAS(ON) multi-selective tri-complex inhibitor (RMC-7977). Using both a saturation Kras tiling approach and cancer-associated mutation library, we identify common and compound-selective second-site resistance mutations in Kras, as well as gain-of-function and loss-of-function variants across cancer-associated genes that rewire signaling networks in a context-dependent manner. Notably, we identify a recurrent missense mutation in capicua (Cic), that promotes resistance to RMC-7977 in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we show that targeting NF{kappa}B signaling in CIC-mutant cells can resensitize them to RAS pathway inhibition and overcome resistance.

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