Digital PCR Linkage Analysis Resolves Streptococcus pneumoniae Signature from Commensal Interference in Saliva Samples: Identifying Wolves among Sheep in Wolf's Clothing

BackgroundSerotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is essential for evaluating the effects of conjugate polysaccharide vaccines on asymptomatic colonization (carriage) of vaccine-targeted capsular variants (serotypes). However, culture-independent application of molecular methods is hampered by genetic exchange between pneumococcus and oral streptococci co-residing within the airways. Unlike qPCR, digital PCR (dPCR) enables linkage analysis that allows for the identification of gene co-occurrence within individual bacterial cells. To minimize false-positive classification with molecular serotyping of highly polymicrobial saliva samples, a duplexed dPCR protocol for linkage analysis was developed. MethodsPerformance of the protocol was evaluated by determining linkage between piaB and lytA, as well as between piaB and genes coding for serogroups 6, 9 and serotype 4 capsular polysaccharides in saliva samples from children and adults. ResultsIdentification of linkage between distant genes required intact pneumococcal cells. The 95% limit of detection for linkage analysis between piaB and lytA was determined to be 9.2 CFU/reaction. Co-occurrence of piaB and lytA within single bacterial cells was consistently observed in saliva samples. Similarly, linkage was identified between serogroup 6 and piaB in the majority of saliva samples from serogroup 6 carriers. Application of dPCR distinguished pneumococcus from oral streptococcus species in saliva tested for serogroup 9 and serotype 4. DiscussionDuplex dPCR linkage analysis allowed for differentiation of pneumococcus from oral streptococci with homologous capsular loci. By improving the diagnostic accuracy of molecular surveillance, linkage analysis is a promising technique for culture-independent epidemiologic surveillance of pneumococcal serotype carriage.